罗格列酮对2型糖尿病合并急性冠脉综合征患者血清TGF—β1及IL-1β的影响

目的：观察罗格列酮对2型糖尿病合并急性冠脉综合征患者血清转化生长因子-β1（TGF—β1）及白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）的影响。方法：116例2型糖尿病合并急性冠脉综合征患者,随机分为罗格列酮治疗组（n=58）和常规治疗组（n=58）。检测两组患者治疗前后空腹血糖、血脂及血清TGF-β1、IL-1β的变化。结果：治疗前两组患者空腹血糖、血脂及血清TGF-β1、IL-1β的水平无显著差异（P〉0．05）;治疗4月后,两组患者空腹血糖、血脂无显著差异,血清IL-1β较治疗前下降（P〈0．01）,罗格列酮组较常规治疗组下降明显,两组间差异显著（P〈0．05）;治疗后血清TGF—β1较治疗前上升（P〈0．05）,罗格列酮组与常规治疗组比较,差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论：罗格列酮能调控糖尿病合并急性冠脉综合征患者炎症介质和抗炎因子的分泌,可能具有改善动脉粥样硬化的作用。     

2型糖尿病大鼠心肌IR、IRS-1的表达与罗格列酮及APP5肽类似物P165的干预效应

目的研究2型糖尿病大鼠心肌胰岛素信号转导通路蛋白胰岛素受体（IR）、胰岛素受体底物-1（IRS-1）的表达与正常SD大鼠的区别,并探讨进行罗格列酮及APP5肽类似物P165干预后对上述蛋白表达的影响。方法60只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（C组）、正常对照＋罗格列酮组（C＋RSG组）、2型糖尿病组（T2DM组）、2型糖尿病＋罗格列酮组（T2DM＋RSG组）、糖尿病给予P165小剂量组（T2DM＋P165小剂量组）、糖尿病给予P165大剂量组（T2DM＋P165大剂量组）,其中糖尿病动物采用高脂饮食后给予小剂量STZ腹腔注射的方法造模。后将各组SD大鼠处死,采用免疫组织化学染色和Western blot的方法检测心肌组织IR、IRS-1的表达。结果（1）2型糖尿病组（T2DM组）心肌组织IR、IRS-1的表达水平显著低于对照组（C组）;（2）2型糖尿病＋罗格列酮组（T2DM＋RSG组）心肌组织IR、IRS-1的表达水平显著高于T2DM组;（3）免疫组化染色发现2型糖尿病＋P165小/大剂量组（T2DM＋P165小/大剂量组）心肌组织IR、IRS-1免疫反应阳性颗粒沉着的累积光密度值显著高于T2DM组;Western blot结果显示T2DM＋P165小/大剂量组心肌组织IRS-1的表达水平显著高于T2DM组;而IR的表达水平与T2DM组相比无差别。结论（1）2型糖尿病大鼠心肌存在胰岛素抵抗或信号转导障碍;（2）罗格列酮干预后可以改善2型糖尿病心肌的胰岛素信号转导异常;（3）P165对2型糖尿病大鼠心肌胰岛素信号转导具有调节作用,其作用靶点可能为胰岛素受体底物。     

Recombinant Candida rugosa LIP2 expression in Pichia pastoris under the control of the AOX1 promoter

The LIP2 isoenzyme gene from Candida rugosa has been completely synthesised and functionally expressed under the AOX1 promoter control in Pichia pastoris. The on-line monitoring and control of methanol, the key inducer carbon source in fed-batch cultures, has enhanced the yield product/biomass 7.8-fold and the productivity 12.8-fold compared to the best batch cultivation with the Pichia system and, 10-fold compared to the fed-batch cultivation process using the native C. rugosa strain.Nevertheless, the high ionic strength of culture broth favoured aggregation of Lip2, leading to total loss of lipolytic activity. After cultivation, a diaultrafiltration process was implemented to diminish ionic strength, allowing for the recovery of lipolytic activity in the diaultrafiltrate. The developed bioprocess resulted into a reproducible product in terms of quality and productivity.     

Rosiglitazone, not only potentially protects myocardium against complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus but also induces myocardium infarction: Possible mechanisms?

Rosiglitazone is widely used to improve diabetes mellitus, but its adverse cardiovascular effect is recently recognized. The exact mechanism is still unknown. In this paper, we predict that rosiglitazone probably regulates the insulin gene expression, which cause complications in the long term use.     

西格列汀、罗格列酮分别联合二甲双胍治疗老年2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的:观察并对比二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ抑制剂西格列汀、胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮分别联合降糖药物二甲双胍治疗老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)的临床疗效.方法:入选2010年4月-2012年10月间我科收治的老年T2DM患者70例,并随机单盲分为A(n=36)、B(n=34)两组,A组患者予西格列汀+二甲双胍方案,B组予罗格列酮+二甲双胍方案,服药12周后对比两组血糖水平、临床疗效并药物不良反应.结果:①两组患者服药12周后,血糖指标均较治疗前明显下降(P＜0.05),A组患者2hPG水平明显低于B组水平(P＜0.05).②A组患者显效率(50.0％)、总体有效率(91.7％)略高于B组(38.2％、85.3％),差异不具有统计学意义(P＞0.05).③两组患者均未出现严重药物不良反应,两组不良反应发生率(19.4％vs.26.5％)无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:两种用药方案均是治疗老年T2DM的有效方案,西格列酮+二甲双胍方案较之罗格列酮+二甲双胍方案在临床疗效中具备比较优势,尤其是对降低餐后血糖优势明显.     

罗格列酮对果糖饲养SD大鼠肝肾功能、血脂、血常规的影响

目的:了解罗格列酮(Rosiglitazone)处理果糖饲养的SD大鼠后对肝、肾功能,血常规的影响。方法:将24只成年健康SD大鼠随机分为A、B两组。A组持续喂高果糖饲料1月后再随机分为:①高果糖饲养组;②果糖饲养同时用罗格列酮处理组。B组喂标准饲料1月后随机分为:①对照组;②罗格列酮处理组。采用氧化酶法、放免法等技术方法测定大鼠的空腹血糖、血脂、胰岛素水平,肝功能,肾功能,血常规等指标。结果:与对照组相比:果糖饲养组大鼠直接胆红素、总胆红素、间接胆红素、血糖、胰岛素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯等指标均升高;而总蛋白、钾、钠、氯、胰岛素敏感指数等指标均下降,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。而罗格列酮处理组中总胆红素、间接胆红素、尿酸和尿素/肌酐等指标均升高;而总蛋白、球蛋白、钾、钠、氨水平、甘油三酯、血常规细胞数、血红蛋白均下降,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。与果糖饲养组相比,果糖饲养罗格列酮处理组的总胆红素、直接胆红素、谷草转氨酶、间接胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、总胆固醇均升高;而胰岛素、甘油三酯、钙离子水平均下降差异均具有统计学意义,且前面三个指标的差异更明显(P＜0．05)。结论:罗格列酮在治疗过程中虽改善了果糖饲养SD大鼠所引起的胰岛素抵抗,但会加重肝肾功能障碍;对机体有一定的毒副作用。     

注射罗格列酮对多发性骨髓瘤小鼠细胞免疫功能与Caspase-3表达的影响

摘要 目的：探讨注射罗格列酮对多发性骨髓瘤小鼠细胞免疫功能与Caspase-3表达的影响。方法：多发性骨髓瘤小鼠随机平分为三组-模型组、红细胞组与罗格列酮组,红细胞组与罗格列酮组分别给予经尾静脉注射重组鼠源促红细胞生成素5.0 mg/kg与罗格列酮5 mg/kg 100 μL,模型组给予尾静脉注射等体积生理盐水,每天给药1次,检测细胞免疫功能与Caspase-3表达变化情况。结果：三组治疗第7 d与治疗第14 d的肿瘤体积高于治疗第1 d(P<0.05),红细胞组与罗格列酮组低于模型组(P<0.05),罗格列酮组低于红细胞组(P<0.05)。红细胞组与罗格列酮组治疗第7 d与治疗第14 d的血清白介素(Interleukin,IL)-6与肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α水含量低于模型组(P<0.05),罗格列酮组低于红细胞组(P<0.05)。红细胞组与罗格列酮组治疗第14 d与治疗第28 d的脾脏B淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞比例对比高于模型组(P<0.05),罗格列酮组高于红细胞组(P<0.05)。红细胞组与罗格列酮组治疗第14 d与治疗第28 d的脑黑质Caspase-3蛋白表达水平低于模型组(P<0.05),罗格列酮组低于红细胞组(P<0.05)。结论：注射罗格列酮在多发性骨髓瘤小鼠的应用能改善细胞免疫功能,抑制脑黑质Caspase-3的表达,同时也能促进小鼠体重恢复,抑制炎症因子的表达。     

Brite/beige fat and UCP1 — is it thermogenesis?

The presence of two distinct types of adipose tissue, which have opposing functions, has been known for decades. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the main tissue of energy storage, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy as heat and is required for non-shivering thermoregulation. In the last few years, a third type of adipocyte was identified, termed the brite (“brown and white”) or beige adipocyte. Their physiological control and role, however, are not fully clarified. Brite/beige adipocytes have a positive impact on systemic metabolism that is generally explained by the thermogenesis of brite/beige adipocytes; although thermogenesis has not been directly measured but is mostly inferred by gene expression data of typical thermogenic genes such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Here we critically review functional evidence for the thermogenic potential of brite/beige adipocytes, leading to the conclusion that direct measurements of brite/beige adipocyte bioenergetics, beyond gene regulation, are pivotal to quantify their thermogenic potential. In particular, we exemplified that the massive induction of UCP1 mRNA during the browning of isolated subcutaneous adipocytes in vitro is not reflected in significant alterations of cellular bioenergetics. Herein, we demonstrate that increases in mitochondrial respiration in response to beta-adrenergic stimulus can be independent of UCP1. Using HEK293 cells expressing UCP1, we show how to directly assess UCP1 function by adequate activation in intact cells. Finally, we provide a guide on the interpretation of UCP1 activity and the pitfalls by solely using respiration measurements. The functional analysis of beige adipocyte bioenergetics will assist to delineate the impact of browning on thermogenesis, possibly elucidating additional physiological roles and its contribution to systemic metabolism, highlighting possible avenues for future research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 18th European Bioenergetic Conference.     

Recombinant Candida rugosa lipase 2 from Pichia pastoris: immobilization and use as biocatalyst in a stereoselective reaction

The characterization of the recombinant Candida rugosa Lip2 (r-Lip2) isoenzyme obtained from fed-batch cultures of Pichia pastoris under PAOX promoter was carried out, determining the optimal pH and temperature as well as their catalytic performance in both hydrolysis and synthesis reactions comparing with purified native Lip2 (n-Lip2) previously determined. The substrate specificity of r-Lip2 in hydrolysis reactions was determined with a series of triacylglycerols and p-nitrophenyl esters of variable acyl chain length. r-Lip2 showed the maximum specificity for both substrates towards medium-chain esters (C-8), similar behavior was observed with n-Lip2. However, significant differences were observed towards unsaturated substrates (triolein) or short-chain esters. A statistical design applied to study the effect of pH and temperature on lipase stability shown that r-Lip2, like n-Lip2, was more sensitive to pH than temperature changes. Nevertheless, the overall stability of soluble r-Lip2 was lower than soluble n-Lip2. The stability of r-lip2 was significantly improved by immobilization onto EP100, an excellent support for lipases with yields around 95% for offered lipolytic activity lower than 600 AU/mL. Finally, immobilized r-Lip2 was tested in the resolution of ibuprofen in isooctane by means of enantioselective esterification using 1-butanol as esterifying agent. r-Lip2 showed a better performance in terms of enantiomeric excess (74%) and enatiomeric factor (96%) than n-Lip2 (56 and 80%, respectively) for the same conversion (40%). Thus, r-Lip2 should be considered a good and pure biocatalyst, easy to produce and with a remaining activity of ca. 90% after one reaction cycle when immobilized on EP100.